Abortion is a Constitutional Issue :: Free Abortion Essays

Many people believe abortion is a moral issue, but it is also a constitutional issue. It is a woman's right to choose what she does with her body, and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. This right is guaranteed by the ninth amendment, which contains the right to privacy. The ninth amendment states: "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." This right guarantees the right to women, if they so choose to have an abortion, up to the end of the first trimester. Regardless of the fact of morals, a woman has the right to privacy and choice to abort her fetus. The people that hold a "pro-life" view argue that a woman who has an abortion is killing a child. The "pro-choice" perspective holds this is not the case. Before the 1973 landmark Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wage, whereby abortion was effectively legalized, women died by the thousands at the hands of back-alley butchers. S ince Roe, less than 1 woman in 100,000 will die from an abortion. In fact, the procedure results in fewer deaths than childbirth or even a shot of penicillin. Despite the official legality of the procedure, it is still largely under attack by opponents. The fight is far from over, and is important that anyone who champions a woman's right to choose understand the ongoing threats abortion faces. The New Civil War offers a clear, compelling explanation of the issues surrounding the procedure and the ways in which antiabortion activists attempt to criminalize it. Divided into five parts, The New Civil War does not leave one stone unturned. This collection of essays is well written, succinct, and concise. Indeed, such a book is a necessary resource for anyone interested not only in the abortion debate, but also in the overarching patriarchal structures that create and maintain women's subordination. Part I is entitled "The Sociopolitical Context of Abortion." The first chapter in this section reviews abortion's status in the courts since Roe. Wilcox, Robbernnolt, and O'Keefe highlight the necessity for psychologists to remain vocal in the debate, primarily by providing research supporting the findings that abortion does not promote ill effects in those women who have them. Antiabortionists continue successfully to push forth legislation designed to prevent women from willfully terminating their pregnancies.

Fighting Police Abuse: A Community Action Manual Essay

Stop and Frisk has been a very active public affair that had held serious concerns over racial profiling, illegal stops, and privacy rights. The police were stopping hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers yearly. Stop and Frisk is based on a standard of the power granted upon the standard of reasonable suspicion. A police officer has the power to stop, question, and frisk suspects given reasonable circumstances. It is a question of each individual case that determined whether it is necessary for reasonable detention or investigation. If an officer suspects that a person is armed and dangerous, a frisk may be conducted without a warrant. Under the stop and frisk law, officers can stop people walking down the streets and search them for weapons, drugs and other illegal pieces of stuff. The stop and frisk were created to embrace the proactive and preventive theory of crime fighting. It was prioritized to conduct street surveillance of suspicious people and habitual offenders. Though the start of stops and frisk sounds protective and safe, it ended up as an aggressive policing, which was in a very heated situation for years. The vague suspicion, the search of an individual and the force used upon the target was incredible. Nearly most of the people stopped and frisked was innocent. â€Å"In 2002, New Yorkers were stopped by the police 97,296 times. 80,176 were totally innocent (82 percent)† (the NYCLU Campaign). Even without suspicion of wrongdoing, an officer approached someone and interrogate them based on their appearance. These searches were often unsuccessful in catching criminals, but few of them believed it was a success at crime control and stopped potential crime. Race played an important role in how minorities were targeted by the stop and frisk policy. The law strictly targeted African American and Hispanics and other disempowered communities. For example in the article of NYCLU Campaign, it mentions, â€Å"Young black and Latino men were the targets of a hugely disproportionate number of stops. Though they account for only 4.7 percent of the city’s population, black and Latino males between the ages of 14 and 24 accounted for 40.6 percent of stops in 2012. The number of stops of young black men neared the entire city population of young black men (133,119 as compared to 158,406). More than 90 percent of young black and Latino men stopped were innocent.† The stops indicated the innocent of a person and the color basis of a person. Walking around the city and being stopped by a police officer because of the skin tone resulted in racial discrimination. Majority of Latinos and African American were scared when they saw an officer because they used excessive force and targeted them as a criminal or an outsider. Stop  ¬and frisk indicated that race was the primary factor in certain, whom the NYPD mostly stopped were Black and Latino neighborhoods and even in areas where populations were racially mixed or mostly White. Blacks and Latinos were treated more harshly than Whites, being more likely to be arrested instead of given a summons when compared to White people accused of the same crimes. In addition, Blacks and Latinos were also more likely to have force used against them by police. The amount of force used against African American and Hispanics did not only affect them physically but also created lasting feelings of resentment and distrust on officers. â€Å"People who have been stopped say that if they show the slightest bit of resistance, even verbally, they can find themselves slammed against walls, forced to the ground and, on rarer occasions, with officer’s guns pointed at their heads.†(Rivera). The experience of being stopped and frisked by police often lasted emotionally. People who were stopped felt a range of emotions during stops, such as anger, fear, and shame. Stop and frisk left people feeling unsafe and afraid to leave their homes whenever they see the police. People who were stopped reported that stops often resulted in excessive force by police, for example when officers slapped them, beat them, or hurt them physically. The force not al ways paid out compared to the effect that it left on the people. Being harassed in public, a person could go through life challenges, feeling hopeless, uncomfortable, vulnerable and high alert. The body and the mind get tensed and start to get conscious around the surroundings that stares and ignores with a disgusting looks. Therefore, in the article of Rivera, two officers stopped a man named Christopher Graham19 years old after leaving his friend’s apartment. He was pushed against the walls and when the officer groped his personal space, Graham said, â€Å"I said, ‘Whoa, what are you doing?’ † Mr. Graham recalled. â€Å"The cop put his hand on the back of my cap and, boom, smashed my head into the wall of the apartment, for no reason.† The aftermath of the frisk was horrible because he had gone through six stitches, terrifying experience and an unfortunate dreadful account with the officers. He was neither arrested nor called for summons but yet had a scar that would remain in his whole life. The stops explored that young people perceived the police whether or not they felt safe where they lived, not to turn to law enforcement for help or to report crimes they knew about. The experience being stopped by police repeatedly perceived to be unfair and could be associated w ith undesirable developmental consequences. The Terry v. Ohio supreme court case was one of the biggest cases regarding the policy of stop and frisk. It lasted a great impact on the practice of stop and frisk, sometimes called Terry stop. An officer stopped John Terry the petitionary after the officer observed Terry staring at the store for a possible robbery. The officer ran a quick search and after approaching three men, the officer found revolvers that denied their appeals. The Terry stop gleaned from the information about whether the search was the protection of the officers and the public safety. The stop must have a reasonable suspicion to initiate the suspect and explain why the suspect behavior suggested criminal activity. The stop had to give reasons and explain, more than just hunches. The Terry stop cannot take the suspect to the police, move to a second different location, use excessive force and search for anything besides weapons. The Floyd vs New York City supreme case was yet one of the biggest controversial on stop and frisk. It was a case that questioned the stops that were not caused due to probable or reasonable stops. It violated the Fourth Amendment and the Fourteen Amendment which was not an equal protection due to all the obvious racial disparities in who is stopped and searched by NYPD. Both the Supreme Court case lawsuit challenged the use of stop and frisk as a violation guaranteed to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Comparing the differences between past stop and frisk and the recent ones that have taken place, I believe the recent ones have become more lenient towards the people. In the past, the officers did not stop a person because of reasonable suspicion; they were stopping to fulfill the record of their data and show their superiors what they have done for the day. The data recorded in stop and frisk was recorded in the person’s background check. The record stayed in the data for a lifetime, which did not come in the good outcome because even though they were innocent a criminal record was there in the system. Plus, during the olden days, police stopped a person regarding their guesses and suspicion and did not have a valid reason for a stop. After the supreme cases, the violation of the Fourth and Fourteen Amendment came to a tight spot where people knew about their rights and the officers grew more attention on the reasonable and suspicions stops. Therefore, based on past and toady’s issues time in New York City, after the cases, it provides an environment by bringing humanity together without any kind of race and social system. The stop and frisk that adapted during the beginning early was a process of improving the city. Looking back at the times when the rights were violated and not respected, we can just emphasize and see the wrongdoings that can be prevented today. Stop and frisk is not just an impractical way of fighting crime in New York City but also violated towards people’s right to walk freely. People were being stopped based on their skin color and appearance, the way they walked and even the neighborhood they lived in. The use of force against the minorities left them devastated and also affected others who lived under the same weight of this unprecedented policy. These stops had become extensive that many people learned to adjust their daily routines to protect themselves from regular police harassment. Thus, it created distrust towards the law and harmed people who were already disadvantaged in our city. The effects on crime rate were not so huge either. It did make a difference in the statistics but compare to the stops and the statics of crime report, it was humongous. There was no relationship between the stop and frisk and crimes took place. After all the scenario of protest, the New York City police restricted their stop and frisk policy two years ago. Even after restricting the policy, there were no impact or increases in the crime rates. In fact, the crimes had gone down and were stable as it was. In another hand, it did keep guns off the street but unfortunately; violating constitutional rights of some of the minorities did not work together with the policy.

Alexander The Not So Great - 1850 Words

Alexander the Great is hailed, by most historians, as â€Å"The Great Conqueror† of the world in the days of ancient Mesopotamia. â€Å"Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in little more than a decade. Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in July 356 BCE. His parents were Philip II of Macedon and his wife Olympias. Philip was assassinated in 336 BCE and Alexander inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom. He quickly dealt with his enemies at home and reasserted Macedonian power within Greece. He then set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire† (Web, BBC History). It is important to note, which will maybe explain his brutal actions, that†¦show more content†¦The Macedonians, who had won so many battles in Europe and set off to invade Asia ... got encouragement from him - he reminded them of their permanent values. They were the worlds liberators and one day they would pass the frontiers set by Hercules and Father Liber. They would subdue all races on Earth. Bactria and India would become Macedonian provinces. Getting closer to the Greeks, he reminded them that those were the people (the Persians on the other side) who provoked war with Greece, ... those were the people that burned their temples and cities ... As the Illyrians and Thracians lived mainly from plunder, he told them to look at the enemy line glittering in gold ... (Q. Curtius Rufus 3.10.4-10) â€Å"Dariuss army greatly outnumbered the Macedonians, but the Battle of Issus ended in a big victory for Alexander. Tens of thousands of Persians, Greeks, and other Asiatic soldiers were killed and king Darius fled† (Web, Project of History of Macedonia). In all the Persians lost â€Å"one hundred thousand foot soldiers and ten thousand cavalry while Alexander only lost twelve hundred. These numbers are Greek estimates† (Web, necromatics). The number of murdered infantry in the Battle of Issus and Alexander’s determination to kill, kill,Show MoreRelatedWhat was so Great About Alexander the Great?810 Words   |  3 Pages Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III of Macedon, was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in 356 BC and was handed down his reign when his father, Phillip II was murdered in 336 BC by his bodyguard. His father was out most of the time trying to extend his kingdom therefore Alexander was left with his mother, Olympias, w ho was very emotionally close to her son and had a tendency to spoil him. Alexander was handed down a trained, strong and powerful army with excellent generalsRead MoreAlexander the Great: What Made Him So Great638 Words   |  3 PagesAfter Alexander the Great’s father was killed, Alexander was forced to assume his role as king of Macedonia. Enemies of his empire thought this would be a perfect time to strike the Macedonian Empire but Alexander was prepared, taught by great military minds he was able to create one of the largest empires of the ancient world. Phillip II, Alexander’s father had developed the Macedonian phalanx, evolving it from the hoplite phalanx. It was an 8 to 36 men deep rectangular mass formation made forRead MoreAlexander the Great vs Napoleon Bonaparte, What I Got so Far Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we think of Alexander the Great, we think of an outstanding war hero. When we think of Napoleon Bonaparte, we think, again, of an outstanding war hero. If a random person were asked who either of these rulers was, their first response would be a fact about war. Alexander and Napoleon share similarities in their warfare, and how they used it to conquer and establish new lands. Alexander the Great’s strong perseverance and incredible battle strategies led to increase his power over his empireRead MoreAlexander The Great s Life1660 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander the Great was born on July 20, 356 B.C. in Pella. During his childhood Alexander’s father was actually not around that much. Alexan der’s father was usually away fighting with the neighboring nations. However, one very important thing to Alexander’s father and mother was that he was to get an amazing education. While he was young, Alexander’s father hired him a tutor. One of the tutors was Aristotle, who was a very famous Greek Philosopher. When Alexander was only sixteen years old his fatherRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesman named Alexander III of Macedon or more commonly known as, Alexander the Great. His father, King Phillip II, took the throne of Macedonia in 359 B.C.E and was able to turn Macedonia into the strongest military power in the entire Greek world. Macedonia was a state in the north eastern region of Greece. Alexander III of Macedon was born in 356 B.C.E in Pella; the ancient capital of Macedonia, Alexander grew up in the shadow of his father’s success in transforming Macedonia into a great militaryRead MoreThe Qualities Of A Good Leader16 94 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowers. Alexander the great was able to conquer most of the known world within his short life time as a result of his successful leadership skills. Born in the Pella region of Macedonia on July 20, 356 B.C., Alexander the Great was the son of King Philip II of Macedon and Queen Olympia, daughter of King Neoptolemus. Growing up in the royal court of Pella, Alexander hardly ever saw his father who spent most of his time occupied by military campaigns and affairs. Due to this Alexander grew up withRead MoreKing Alexander Lll : King Of The Western World1168 Words   |  5 PagesHead: KING ALEXANDER lll King Alexander lll of Macedon: King of the Western World William Crook Lincoln Charter School October 20, 2014 Mr Thomas Honors World History King Alexander lll 2 King Alexander lll of Macedon was the best leader during his time, and he soon became the king of all western civilization, before he was 30 years old. Alexander accomplished greater things than not only of the kings who had lived before him, but also of those who came after him. Alexander lll ofRead MoreQ - Does Alexander the Great deserve to be called the Great?1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe greatness of Alexander III, as he was originally, has been disputed in the past. His legend has survived for thousands of years, and his name is well-known, but just how great was he? In answering this question it is necessary to define the terms deserve and great. For these purposes, to deserve will mean to be worthy of. Great has many meanings, and will be defined as: important; grand; distinguished; remarkable in ability or character; competent; or above what is normal, with implied admirationRead MoreAlexander The Great, King Of Macedonia, Ruler Of The Persian Empire1543 Words   |  7 P agesAlam 1 Nelofar Alam Prof Smail History 101 December 10, 2015 Alexander The Great ​Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, ruler of the Persian Empire and one of the best military intelligence of all times, he has many books written about his achievements. This paper goes into detail about Alexander’s early life, to impressive battles, to his humble personality. In this paper, I will be talking about how Alexander came to be king of Macedonia, his invasion to unite Asia, and his mental insanityRead MoreAlexander The Great Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many leaders in the world, but a great ruler is passionate, honorable and one who can inspire even in the most hopeless circumstances. Alexander the Great was a great ruler. Alexander the Great was a ruler that was not only inspiring, but he was fearless, smart, bold and courageous. Alexander the Great inspired his soldiers to crave more. He has inspired people since the day he started ruling. What is inspirational about Alexander the Great is that he inspired his troops to the point that

Civil Wars Wet Plate Collodion Photography

The wet plate collodion process was a manner of taking photographs which used panes of glass, coated with a chemical solution, as the negative. It was the method of photography in use at the time of the Civil War, and it was a fairly complicated procedure. The wet plate method was invented by Frederick Scott Archer, an amateur photographer in Britain, in 1851. Frustrated by the difficult photography technology of the time, a method known as calotype, Scott Archer sought to develop a simplified process for preparing a photographic negative. His discovery was the wet plate method, which was generally known as the â€Å"collodion process.† The word collodion refers to the syrupy chemical mixture which was used to coat the glass plate. Numerous Steps Were Required The wet plate process required considerable skill. The required steps: A glass sheet was coated with chemicals, known as collodion.The coated plate was immersed in a bath of silver nitrate, which made it sensitive to light.The wet glass, which would be the negative used in the camera, was then placed in a light-proof box.The negative, in its special light-proof holder, would be placed inside the camera.A panel in the light-proof holder, known as the dark slide, along with the lens cap of the camera, would be removed for several seconds, thereby taking the photograph.The â€Å"dark slide† of the light-proof box was replaced, sealing the negative up in darkness again.The glass negative was then taken to the darkroom and developed in chemicals and â€Å"fixed,† making the negative image on it permanent. (For a photographer working in the field during the Civil War, the darkroom would be an improvised space in a horse-drawn wagon.)The negative could be coated with a varnish to ensure the permanence of the image.Prints would later be generated from the glass negative. The Wet Plate Collodion Process Had Serious Drawbacks The steps involved in the wet plate process, and the considerable skill required, imposed obvious limitations. Photographs taken with the wet plate process, from the 1850s through the late 1800s, were almost always taken by professional photographers in a studio setting. Even photographs taken in the field during the Civil War, or later during expeditions to the West, required the photographer to travel with a wagon full of equipment. Perhaps the first war photographer was a British artist, Roger Fenton, who managed to transport cumbersome photographic equipment to the battlefront of the Crimean War. Fenton had mastered the wet plate method of photography soon after it became available and put it into practice shooting landscapes of the British midlands. Fenton took a trip to Russia in 1852 and took photographs. His travels proved that the latest photographic method could be utilized outside of a studio. However, traveling with the equipment and the necessary chemicals to develop the images would present a formidable challenge. Traveling to the Crimean War with his photographic wagon was difficult, yet Fenton managed to shoot impressive photographs. His images, while praised by art critics upon his return to England, were a commercial failure. Roger Fentons photographic van used in the Crimean War, with his assistant posing on its bench. Library of Congress While Fenton had transported his ungainly equipment to the front, he purposely avoided photographing the ravages of war. He would have had many opportunities  to depict wounded or dead soldiers. But he probably assumed his intended  audience in Britain did not want to see such things. He sought to portray a more glorious side of the conflict, and tended to photograph officers in their dress uniforms. In fairness to Fenton, the wet plate process made it impossible to photograph action on the battlefield. The process allowed for a shorter exposure time than previous photographic methods, yet it still required the shutter to be open for several seconds. For that reason there could not be any action photography with wet plate photography, as any action would blur. There are no combat photographs from the Civil War, as people in the photographs had to hold a pose for the length of the exposure. And for photographers working in battlefield or camp conditions, there were great obstacles. It was difficult to travel with the chemicals required for preparing and developing the negatives. And the glass panes used as negatives were fragile and carrying them in horse-drawn wagons presented a whole set of difficulties. Generally speaking, a photographer working in the field, such as Alexander Gardner when he shot the carnage at Antietam, would have an assistant along who mixed the chemicals. While the assistant was in the wagon preparing the glass plate, the photographer could set up the camera on its heavy tripod and compose the shot. Even with an assistant helping, each photograph taken during the Civil War would have required about ten minutes of preparation and developing. And once a photograph was taken and the negative was fixed, there was always a problem of a negative cracking. A famous photograph of Abraham Lincoln by Alexander Gardner shows damage from a crack in the glass negative, and other photographs of the same period show similar flaws. By the 1880s a dry negative method began to be available to photographers. Those negatives could be purchased ready to be used, and did not require the complicated process of preparing the collodion as required in the wet plate process.

Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill - 948 Words

What would you do if given the opportunity to take one unwilling person’s life to save five other people’s lives? Would you do it? Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would give you strongly contrasting opinions. A person should not kill another to benefit five others. It would be a wrong thing to do, but Mill would disagree. Kant believed that good intentions count and that the morality of an action is determined by the intentions behind it rather than its consequences. Kant says that the consequences are irrelevant to assessments of moral worth, which contrasts sharply with Mill’s utilitarianism. Kant believed that the only appropriate motive for an action is a sense of duty. A person should only do something solely because it is the right thing to do, no other motive is just. He also thought that acting purely out of inclinations was not moral at all. Kant defined a maxim to be the underlying principles motivating an action which determines its moral worth, not the end result. Kant developed the categorical imperative which is based on his belief that morality is derived from rationality. Our book tells us that the categorical imperative is an absolute moral law to be upheld regardless of circumstances. He was a deontologist, meaning that he believed that moral judgement is contained in the action alone. His categorical imperative is broken down into three maxims. The first maxim is universality; which means that for an action to be moral in your circumstances, it mustShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1261 Words   |  6 Pagesintentions/character that insp ire the action, or the consequences that result from the action?† Second, the philosophers I am going to discuss throughout this paper are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Now before I tell you my answer to this question I am going to explain these who these two philosophers are and what their viewpoints on ethics are. Immanuel Kant was born in what is now Germany in 1724 and died in 1804 and was the type of philosopher to act out of duty. He believes that actions should be performedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagesmost widely known ethical philosophers are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. While they may have philosophized around the same time period, the philosophers have very different ideas about ethics and happiness. Immanuel Kant, author of Duty and Reason, believed in the morality of the good will and duty. He espoused that happiness is an irrelevancy insofar as fulfilling duty is the most important aspect of leading a moral life. Conversely, John Stuart Mill, who wrote, The Greatest Happiness PrincipleRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent philosophers. Two of these philosophers are John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. Mill, in Utilitarianism defines happiness as pleasure without pain. He builds upon this idea of happiness when establishing his moral philosophy, stating that the action that would bring about the maximum amount of happiness is the most moral action. On the other hand, Kant establishes happiness as well-being and a satisfaction with one’s condition. Kant, however, argues that happiness is too fully based uponRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1206 Words   |  5 Pagesof morality, there is no right answer to dilemmas only different opinions. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers with two different views on a person’s moral conscious. Kant believes morality is a duty that people should hold above their own happiness. On the other hand, Mill believes happiness is the goal of morality and the more happiness is acquired at the end is the most moral. According to Immanuel Kant, morality is a duty people must hold above their own happiness. For somethingRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1786 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. They both had very different views when it came to the ethics of philosophy. They also though had some of the same views as each other. Both were concerned with the moral qualities of actions and choices of a person, but neither of them was much interested in about what makes a good person. They also different views and some of the same views when it came to lying. One thought it should never be done. The other thought it should be used as a last resort. FirstRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant Essay1805 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophers, Kant and Mill, to determine whether or not torture is ever ethical. John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant, both proposed different philosophies, using deontological and teleological theories in ethics. John Stuart Mill used a teleological theory, which prioritized the end result of an action, based off the moral nature of the action itself, compared to the deontological theory proposed by Kant, which presented actions as obligations of an individual, leading them to act in a certain way. Mill usedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill998 Words   |  4 PagesTwo knowledgeable men, one says go right, the other, left. Who is right? Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill were both noted philosophers with opposing theories on what is moral. Each uphold different ways of observing what is right. The theory of utilitarianism held by Mill and universalism held by Kant has similarities and diffe rences. Who stands correct, and who is mistaken? Utilitarianism is the belief that decisions should be made based on how much pleasure they bring (MacKinnon and FialaRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill2050 Words   |  9 Pagesstraight forward as proposed by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill in The Groundswork and Utilitarianism respectively. Kant, in The Groundswork, and Mill, in Utilitarianism, come to different conclusions about what is intrinsically good, yet neither of them come to a valid explanation for the following reasons; Kant produces a narrow view focused entirely on having a good will, acting only based off of duties, and ignoring the outcomes of your actions, while Mill calculates intrinsic value basedRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant2163 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant The aim of this paper is to clearly depict how John Stuart Mill’s belief to do good for all is more appropriate for our society than Immanuel Kant’s principle that it is better to do whats morally just. I will explain why Mill’s theory served as a better guide to moral behavior and differentiate between the rights and responsibilities of human beings to themselves and society. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of moralityRead MoreA Study Of Ethics By Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill992 Words   |  4 Pagesaround ethics. The court released Lavallee as innocent on the basis that she is medically ill with Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS). The two most renowned ethicists, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would view this case differently. Kantianism is associated solely with Immanuel Kant. In comparison, John Stuart Mill, an opponent of Immanuel Kant’s ideas, uses a utilitarian approach. This essay will briefly give an overview of the case and the BWS. Then, it will show how both theories view the case.

Freud and Erikson Free Essays

This first paper is going to be about a case study on a 7 year old kid named Gary. Gary is wheelchair bound and has Muscular Dystrophy and has been home-schooled until now. He seemed to be doing fine in school, but he has been crying after school and not wanting to go monday mornings. We will write a custom essay sample on Freud and Erikson or any similar topic only for you Order Now We have to try and figure out why Gary is feeling this way. I will be using and comparing Erikson’s Psychological Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to analyze why the case study subject might be acting this way. Erikson’s Psychological Theory is based around Freuds’s Stages of Development, but with further stages and not always based around sex and aggression like Freud uses. Erikson’s Theory contains eight stages: Trust v. mistrust (birth to two years of age), autonomy v. shame/ doubt (two to four years), initiative v. guilt (four to six years), industry v. inferiority/ diffusion (six to twelve years), identity v. identity confusion (adolescence), intimacy v. isolation (young adulthood), generatively v. tagnation (middle adulthood), and ego integrity v. despair (late adulthood to death). The first four stages match up pretty well with Freud’s Theory’s stages, with an additional four stages about adulthood at the end. Two big things about Erikson’s Theory is that success builds on previous stages and that failure is cumulative (Morrison, lecture, 2011). I can apply Erikson’s Theory to the case study with Gary in a couple of ways. The first observation I can make is that Gary is his wetting the bed problem. If he hasn’t done it in years, why is he doing it now? Gary has probably failed to succeed in the autonomy v. shame stage of development. It doesn’t say how long Gary has been in a wheelchair, but my guess is quite awhile. Even if it was after his toilet training years, he had to re-learn how to go by himself when he was given a wheelchair. This might have gone smoothly when he was at home with the help of his loving and supportive parents, but he probably doesn’t trust in teachers or aids to help him if he needs it. He feels ashamed of himself for not being able to go flawlessly like at home, and these feelings of shame are causing other problems in school also. This GREATLY affects his self esteem levels and disturbs the rest of his school life. Another angle of looking at Gary’s problems is he isn’t succeeding in the industry v. inferiority stage. This stage is about learning in school and communicating and is a very social stage (Morrison, lecture, 2011). SInce Gary is in a wheelchair, he can’t participate in regular activities in P.  E. classes. He has to have adaptive P. E. based on him not being able to walk. Watching the other kids playing on the basketball courts and playing football and stuff leaves him feeling left out. He isn’t building skills for a teamwork mentality like everybody else. He feels left out of the fun and probably puts himself lower than the rest of his peers. This would greatly hurt his self-esteem and competence. This could be an explanation for him crying after school and just not wanting to go Sunday nights. Although Erikson’s Psychological Theory can explain Gary’s problems in terms of missed of problems in developmental stages, Maslow can explain them more generically with his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs has five stages, starting with the most primitive working towards more finite: biological and physiological needs (food, water, shelter, warmth), safety needs (protection and security), belonging and love needs (family, affection, relationships), esteem needs (achievement, status, responsibility), and self- actualization (personal growth) (Morrison, lecture, 2011). Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, I can analyze Gary and determine that it seems as if Gary isn’t fulfilling his esteem needs. He seems to have a low self esteem and a low sense of accomplishment. This is probably because he can’t do the same P. E. activities as the rest of the kids. Just being around a lot of kids that can walk and do things he can’t is probably the main reason for his sadness and not wanting to go to school. When he was at home all day, he had his parents to comfort him if he ever had questions about other kids. His parents might have actually over protected him, as in Gary wasn’t prepared to go to public school because his parents sheltered him from the truth of the real world and wasn’t ready for it. Since Gary is having trouble with his esteem needs, he cannot feel accomplished and move on to his self- actualization needs. He can’t grow as a person until the lower level needs are met. There are a lot of theories that people can use when analyzing peoples’ problems. But looking at Gary’s problems, Erikson’s Psychological Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs were the ones I felt like could explain why Gary is having problems the best. Not every theory is applicable to every situation. These two theories made sense to me and I believe explained his problems the best out of all of the theories we have looked at in class. Between the two I used, I believe Erikson’s Psychological Theory explains it better than Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, but they both have some good points in this case study. How to cite Freud and Erikson, Essay examples

Responsible Leadership for Cognizant Technology - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResponsible Leadership for Cognizant Technology Solutions. Answer: Leader defines a person who guides or leads other people to a specific direction to a specific place. Leader is someone acts as a pioneer to the others as the leader is largely followed by a mass. A leader is who; understand the agenda of the people and according to that design the path. A leader is who is compassionate towards the people rather than domineering. Through which path a leader leads the people and the process of leading the people is termed as leadership (Antonakis 2017). The idea of leadership stands for a leader who helps the others to do the right things or helps the people to recognize the right things. The leadership deals with the idea of directing and inspiring people to create more, leadership build vision for something bigger that the usual. The leadership varies from person to person and organization to organization. The leadership depends on the policy of the organization, as a responsible leadership always looks after the company policies besides employees g oals. This essay deals with a particular organization named Cognizant Technology Solutions. Cognizant is an American IT company, functioning in the market since 1996. The company provides services like information technology, ITO, BPO, information security and consulting. The company depends on the global delivery model and runs from across the globe with around 255,800 employees. The position of a programmer analyst of the IT Company like Cognizant Technology deals with the responsibility like, working with the customers related to liberty mutual insurance and Centrica plc. The key responsibilities are to support the clients in developmental needs (Daft 2014). The programmer analyst performs multiple analyses to provide best solution to the clients. Apart from the external works a programmer analyst serves the internal project works related to internal transport request management. The programmer analyst monitoring the entire team object status, analyze it and fixes the gaps if appears. The additional responsibility comes when the company recruit new employees as the programmer analyst also act as a trainer to the new team members and single handedly controls the ABAP portion of the support team. There are several challenges that are faced by a programmer analyst. The basic problem that a programmer analyst faces that, in understanding the requirements of the user. It happens as the thinking style of the programmer analyst differs from the users. The programmer analyst think in one way but the users think in completely different way hence the contradiction occurs in the field of work (Doh and Quigley 2014). The consequence is the service which are to provided to provide to the clients cannot fulfill the client`s need. Time is another factor that affects the work of the programmer analyst. The project an analyst is working on has to be submitted within allocated time. Technology is something, which is entitled to change every day. To cope up with the new technology a programmer analyst has to have a keen interest in learning new things about the changes in technologies. The programmer analyst has to keep the pace with the change. The ramification can be attending the libraries through which an idea of task can be achieved, attending the training which is organized in regular interval about the news tools, patterns, frameworks, new techniques are taught. The communication challenge that is faced by a programmer analyst is during the project completion. The misunderstanding occurs when dealing with the projects. This communication challenge impedes the flow of thoughts between clients and the programmer analyst. The communication is something, which impedes the analyst to understand the demands of the users. The communication problems can prohibit the analyst when he or she acts as a trainer to the new team member. Without proper communication a trainer cannot explains the details of the works and about the objectives of the organization (Fairhurst and Connaughton 2014). A trainer is the one who describes the job role the trainees and explains the career growth within the organization. The primary role of a trainer is to outline the aim of the new trainers and make them understand the basic responsibility towards the organization. Theses all cannot be performed without a smooth communication skill. The leadership theory evolved since ancient era. In Sanskrit literature, ten types of leaders are found. On the other hand, Aristotle postulated about the monarchy in the society. Leadership theory largely depends on the individual and the organization as well. The Leadership theory encompasses Great Man Theory, Trait Theory, Behavioral Theory, Contingency Theory, Transactional Theory and Transformational Theory. The Great Man theory believes that a person who is entitled to be a leader is born with the leadership quality. Trait Theory also believes that leadership quality comes with the birth of a human being (Northouse 2015). To become a good leader the leadership quality has to be present in the instinct of that particular person. The Behavioral Theory came up with factors related to human psychology. The theory deals with cause and effect of the human behavior, hence the leadership varies depending on the human behavior. On the contrary, Contingency Theory leadership is proportio nal to certain situations. The Transactional theory evolved in the middle of the 20th century where it is said that, leaders assign task to the followers and set organizational goals to them and for that the leader prepare a suitable environment. In this theory the leader rewards or punish according the nature of fulfillment of the tasks. The Transformational Leadership Theory deeply believes in relationship and trust, which is built through interactions. The organizational leadership based on above six leadership theories. The programmer analyst of Cognizant Technology has effect of Behavioral Leadership theory. Like the theory the analyst has to play two types f leadership role, one is task oriented leadership role and another is people oriented leadership role. The task-oriented leader has one concern related to task. The pivotal task of the programmer analyst is to provide the customers with adequate service and support. The behavior of the leaders has to be very structured, which will not affect the work process. The behavior has to be very organized or the analyst will not be able to complete a task in the given time. The programmer analyst has to have a interest in order to gather information to perform a task. In four words, the leader has to be initiating, organizing, clarifying and information gathering. In case of understanding a task, a proper clarification is essential behavior to a leader. On the other hand, the same lea der has to play people oriented leader role to satisfy the need of the people. The basic characteristics of the people oriented leader are encouraging, observing, listening, coaching and mentoring (Martins et al. 2016). The leader has to be patience enough to understand the user`s need. In cognizant the same analyst has play a role of trainers and a monitor while comes to internal project. In order to monitor and manage the internal project a leader has to be encouraging towards the team members of the project to get the project done accurately. Encouragement helps to escalate the team spirit, reduce the boredom of the task and make the employees productive. A good and wise leader has to be patient towards listening towards the subordinates or else the leader will not be able to solve the problem of the employees. It may happen that employee is facing any difficulty regarding professional arena. The duty of a responsible leader is to listen to the employees so that difficulties can be overcome which will be beneficial to the organization. While the programmer analyst performs the role of a trainer, the leader has to be observant towards the every trainee. The leader need take the note of whether any one is facing difficulties or not and whether anyone is causing any difficulty in the organization. The vital tasks of the trainer come with coaching and mentoring. The trainer is the one who describes the job role the trainees and explains the career growth within the organization (Stone-Johnson 2014). The primary role of a trainer is to outline the aim of the new trainers and make them understand the basic responsibility towards the organization. The trainer coaches the trainees how the task is done in the organization and teaches them how the communication barriers are overcome. The twist and turn of the work procedures and the organizational policy should be explained to the trainees. The do`s and dont of the organization should be cleared out to the trainees d uring the training period. A responsible leader should aware the trainees about the possible measures that the organization take if any fault happens. The monitoring of a team comes with great responsibility. To monitor a team or a project the leader has to be wise and compassionate along with strictly discipline. It is obvious that, leader only can lead others if he or she does believe the organization and a religious follower of the rules and regulation of the particular organization. The leader has to be disciplined enough to direct others to the right path. In both of the cases, coaching and monitoring, the leader has to be wise or else he or she will overlook the flaws of the work. Not only are the flaws the new trainees always needy for help. With the proper help and proper guidance the required work cannot be achieved by the organization. It is a duty of a responsible leader to shape efficient employees during training period. In Cognizant Technologies the Transactional Leadership model is mostly followed. The Transactional Leadership says the subordinates are bound to follow the way, which was shown by the leader. The subordinates are accountable for their works (McCleskey 2014). They are rewarded when they perform well and they are punished when they fail to perform well. The focus of the leadership revolves around management, supervision, organization and performance. In Cognizant, being multinational company benefits are given by the level of performances. Promotions depend on the performance levels and besides that, punishments are given with degradation of the performance level. In this leadership model, the leader is the one who set the goal on behalf of the employee. This leadership is effective during the crisis of any organization. The strengths of the leadership are, Communication, through which work is smoothen both cases of external and internal. Structure is strength, as the effective leadership shapes organizational structure. The leadership takes care of the systems and the administrative part of any organization. Planning and implementation of the plan is the one of the strengths. The whole planning of the system and the implementation of the rules are largely depending on the leadership (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). The power of assessment and analysis of a task or situation or any employee`s behavior is done by a wise leader which is considered as a strength of the leadership. Listening to the clients as well as the employees can bring change or mitigate any crisis in an organization. Fixing the gap within the organization and decision making fall under the strength of the leadership (Salacuse 2017). The most challenging thing is often faced by the leader is time. Time can improve or sabotage any situation. To understand the right time before taking any action is essential to every leader. The leader should be the one who actually believe the organizational culture. He or she must have a clear idea about the rules and regulation of the organization. The leader has to have a clear idea about the work. The leader has to loyal towards the organization. In order to become a responsible leader first the person has to be a good performer. Without having a proper knowledge about the particular work how he or she would guide others. The leader has to have a clear knowledge about the work and the leader has to have a interest in learning new things. To play a role a responsible leader one has to keep him always updated with the up gradation of new technology (Breevaart et al. 2014). As Cognizant is an IT company, hence the company every day experiences the new changes of technology. Without keeping the pace of the changing technologies, a leader cannot become responsible towards his or her work and to the organization. In terms of monitoring the project a leader has to work as a team. A responsible leader should be respectful towards the teammates and supportive as well. This should the motto of responsible leadership. The leader should not hurt any employee in order to get a task done. Being bossy or domineering in nature is not the example of responsible leadership. The leadership is something, which makes everyone realize that everyone is part of the organization, and the organization is run by the group of people hence, everyone is equally important. The excessive projection of authoritativeness will drive away the employees from the organization. The effective leader has to be professional and compassionate towards the employees. The objective of the responsible leadership is to boost up the morale of the of the employees towards the organization. A responsible leader has to be motivational and encourage the employees, which help them become productive. A responsible leader should be good in communication or else he or she will not be able to underst and the employee requirements as well as the client requirements. The responsible leadership can be achieved through these ways. References Antonakis, J., 2017.The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O.K. and Espevik, R., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(1), pp.138-157. 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